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Overview
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Applied Anatomy and Physiology for Manual Therapists is a clear, accurate, simple, and comprehensive A&P textbook that addresses the needs of students in manual therapy education programs. It is a focused text that deliberately emphasizes the information manual therapists need to be familiar with in order to understand the benefits, effects, indications, and contraindications of their specific form of manual therapy. The text includes detailed information not covered in standard A&P texts, adding an entire chapter on neuromuscular and myofascial connections (Chapter 8), and separating the structure and function of the lymphatic system (Chapter 11) from immunity and healing (Chapter 12). This, along with chapter features such as Manual Therapy Applications, Pathology Alerts, and What Do You Think questions, help readers build bridges between the scientific facts and the application of that information to their therapeutic practice.
Features of Applied Anatomy & Physiology for Manual Therapists PDF
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Table of Contents
Below is the complete table of contents offered inside Applied Anatomy & Physiology for Manual Therapists PDF:
Reviewers xii
Acknowledgments xiii
Preface xiv
User’s Guide xv
Unit I Introduction to Anatomy, Physiology, and the Manual Therapies 1
1 Applying Anatomy and Physiology to the Practice of Manual Therapy 2
Levels of Organization 5
Homeostasis
Negative Feedback 7
Positive Feedback 7
Benefits and Physiologic Effects of Manual Therapy 9
Benefits 9
Physiologic Effects 9
Systems of the Body 11
2 The Body and Its Terminology 18
Orientation to the Body 21
Anatomic Position 21
Body Planes 21
Describing Location 22
Describing Movement 24
Common Anatomic Terminology 25
Prefixes, Suffixes, and Word Roots 26
Body Regions 28
Body Cavities 28
Ventral Cavities 29
Dorsal Cavities 30
Pathology Basics: Classifications and Terminology 30
Classifications of Disease 30
General Terminology 31
Unit II Cells, Tissues, and Membranes 35
3 Chemistry, Cells, and Tissues 36
Chemical Components of Cells 39
Inorganic Compounds 40
Water 40
Inorganic Salts 41
Acids and Bases 41
Organic Compounds 42
Carbohydrates 42
Lipids 42
Proteins 42
Nucleic Acids 42
Structure of the Cell 42
Plasma Membrane 42
Cytoplasm 44
Nucleus 44
Cellular Processes 45
Transport Mechanisms 46
Passive Transport 46
Active Transport 46
Cellular Metabolism 48
Anabolism 48
Catabolism 48
Cell Division and Differentiation 48
Types of Tissue in the Body 50
Epithelial Tissue 50
Muscle Tissue 52
Nervous Tissue 53
Connective Tissue 53
Cells 53
Fibers 53
Ground Substance 54
Tissue Repair and Regeneration 55
4 Body Membranes and the Integumentary System 58
Membranes 61
Connective Tissue Membranes 61
Epithelial Tissue Membranes 62
Mucous Membranes 62
Serous Membranes 62
Cutaneous Membrane 63
The Integumentary System 63
Layers of the Skin 64
Epidermis 65
Dermis 67
Subcutaneous Layer 67
Accessory Organs of the Integumentary System 68
Hair and Nails 68
Glands 69
Sebaceous Glands 69
Sudoriferous Glands 69
Sensory Receptors 69
Linking the Integumentary and Nervous Systems 71
Skin Conditions and Diseases 73
Common Contagious Skin Disorders 73
Common Noncontagious Skin Disorders 74
Aging and the Integumentary System 75
Unit III Framework and Movement 79
5 The Skeletal System 80
Functions of the Skeletal System 83
The Skeleton 83
Axial Skeleton 84
Appendicular Skeleton 86
Bone Tissue and Structure 86
Bone Tissue 86
Compact Bone 87
Spongy Bone 88
Bone Classifications by Shape 88
Anatomy of a Bone 89
Bones and Their Landmarks 91
General Landmark Terminology 91
Head and Face 92
Spinal Column 96
Thorax 99
Pectoral Girdle 100
Upper Limb and Forearm 101
Wrist and Hand 102
Pelvic Girdle 102
Thigh and Leg 103
Ankle and Foot 105
Joints 107
Fibrous Joints 108
Cartilaginous Joints 108
Synovial Joints 108
Types of Synovial Joints 109
Special Movements 112
Aging and the Skeletal System 115
6 The Skeletal Muscle System 118
Characteristics and Functions of Skeletal Muscle 121
Structure of Skeletal Muscle 121
Skeletal Muscle Fibers 122
Connective Tissue Components 123
Fascia 124
Tendon and Aponeurosis 124
Physiology of Muscle Contraction 125
Sliding Filament Mechanism 125
The Motor Unit: Stimulating Muscle Contraction 126
Energy for Contraction 127
Creatine Phosphate 127
Anaerobic Cellular Metabolism 128
Aerobic Cellular Metabolism 128
Muscle Fatigue and Oxygen Debt 129
Types of Muscle Contraction 129
Tonic Contractions 130
Isometric Contractions 130
Isotonic Contractions 131
Twitch and Tetanic Contraction 131
Movement and Muscle Assignments 132
Lever Systems 132
Muscle Architecture 133
Parallel Muscles 134
Pennate Muscles 134
Muscle Assignments during Movement 134
Range of Motion 137
Major Muscles of the Body 138
Muscle Names 138
Muscles of the Head and Face 139
Muscles of the Neck 139
Muscles of the Chest and Abdomen 144
Muscles of the Spine 146
Muscles of the Back 147
Muscles of the Upper Arm 148
Muscles of the Forearm 151
Muscles of the Pelvic Girdle 153
Muscles of the Thigh 154
Muscles of the Leg 155
Exercise, Aging, and the Muscular System 158
Unit IV Communication and Control 165
7 The Nervous System 166
Functional Organization of the Nervous System 169
Nervous Tissue 170
Neurons 170
Neuroglia 172
Nerves 172
Cranial Nerves 174
Spinal Nerves 174
Impulse Conduction 179
Action Potentials 179
Synaptic Transmission 181
Neuronal Pathways 182
Reflex Arcs 182
Neuronal Pools and Circuits 183
The Peripheral Nervous System: Sensory Structures and Functions 184
Photoreceptors 185
Chemoreceptors 186
Nociceptors 187
Thermoreceptors 187
Mechanoreceptors 187
Tactile Receptors 187
Baroreceptors 188
Mechanoreceptors in the Ear 188
Proprioceptors 189
The Central Nervous System: Integrative Structures and Functions 189
Meninges and Cerebrospinal Fluid 190
Spinal Cord 191
White and Gray Matter 191
Dorsal and Ventral Nerve Roots 191
Brain 194
Brain stem 194
Diencephalon 195
Cerebrum 195
Cerebellum 197
Limbic System 198
The Peripheral Nervous System: Motor Structures and Functions 199
Somatic Division 199
Autonomic Division 199
Sympathetic Pathways 203
Parasympathetic Pathways 203
The Nervous System at Work 205
Learning and Memory 205
Interoception 206
Pain 206
Theories of Pain 206
Types of Pain 207
Pain Management 209
Aging and the Nervous System 210
8 Neuromuscular and Myofascial Connections 214
Neuromuscular Reflexes 217
Reciprocal Inhibition 217
Stretch Reflex and Gamma Gain 218
Inverse Stretch Reflex 221
The Fascial System 223
Layers 224
Fascial Patterns 225
Myofascial Trains 225
Horizontal Bands and Planes 226
Mechanical Properties of Fascia 226
Viscoelasticity 228
Thixotropy 229
Piezoelectricity 229
Fascial Plasticity 231
Fascia as a Sensory Organ 231
Intrafascial Smooth Muscle Cells 233
Posture, Balance, and Coordinated Movement 234
Proprioception 235
Postural and Phasic Muscles 235
9 The Endocrine System 242
Hormones 245
Mechanisms of Hormone Action 247
Control of Hormone Secretion 248
Endocrine Glands and Tissues 249
Hypothalamus, Pituitary Gland, and Pineal Gland 250
Thyroid and Parathyroid Glands 251
Thymus 253
Pancreas 254
Adrenal Glands 254
Hormones of the Adrenal Cortex 254
Hormones of the Adrenal Medulla 257
Ovaries and Testes 257
Prostaglandins and Other Local Hormones 257
The Stress Response 258
The Alarm Response 258
The Resistance Reaction 260
Exhaustion 261
Aging and the Endocrine System 261
Unit V Circulation and Body Defense 265
10 The Cardiovascular System 266
Blood 269
Plasma 269
Formed Elements 270
Red Blood Cells 270
White Blood Cells 271
Platelets 271
Blood Vessels 272
Arteries and Arterioles 273
Capillaries 274
Veins and Venules 275
The Heart 276
Heart Chambers, the Great Vessels, and Valves 278
Blood Flow through the Heart 280
Conduction System 280
Cardiac Cycle 283
Regulation of Heart Rate 284
Circulation and Dynamics of Blood Flow 285
Arterial Flow 286
Capillary Flow and Exchange 287
Venous Flow 288
Regulation of Circulation 289
Inflammation and Tissue Healing 290
Acute Stage 290
Subacute Stage 292
Maturation Stage 292
Aging and the Cardiovascular System 293
11 The Lymphatic System 298
Lymph 302
Lymph Vessel Network 302
Lymph Capillaries and Pre-collectors 302
Collector Vessels 304
Lymphatic Trunks and Ducts 305
Lymph Nodes 307
Structure of the Lymph Nodes 307
Lymph Node Beds 307
Lymph Formation and Movement 309
Pre-lymphatic Channels and Fluid Uptake 309
General Lymph Flow 310
Lymphotomes and Watersheds 311
Types of Edema 312
Edema from Cardiovascular Dysfunction 313
Edema from Lymphatic Dysfunction 314
Edema from Soft Tissue Damage 315
12 Immunity and Healing 318
Organs and Tissues of the Immune System 321
Primary Lymphoid Organs and Tissues 321
Secondary Lymphoid Organs and Tissues 322
Lymph Nodes 322
Spleen 322
Mucosa-Associaied Lymphoid Tissue 323
Nonspecific Immune Defenses 324
Physical Barriers 324
Chemical Barriers 324
Internal Antimicrobial Proteins 325
Phagocytes and Natural Killer Cells 325
Inflammation and Fever 326
Specific Immune Responses 328
Antibody-Mediated Immune Responses 328
Cell-Mediated Immune Responses 328
Acquisition of Immunity 329
Naturally Acquired Immunity 330
Artificially Acquired Immunity 331
Aging and the Immune System 332
Psychoneuroimmunology 332
Peptide Communication Network 333
Thoughts on Holistic Healing 333
Unit VI Metabolic Processes, Elimination, and Reproduction 337
13 The Respiratory System 338
Structures of the Respiratory System 341
Nose and Nasal Cavity 341
Pharynx 342
Larynx 342
Trachea 344
Lungs and Bronchial Tree 345
Alveoli and the Respiratory Membrane 346
Ventilation and Respiration 347
Ventilation 347
Respiration 349
Control and Regulation of Breathing 349
Aging and the Respiratory System 352
14 The Digestive System 356
Functions of the Digestive System 359
Gastrointestinal Tract 360
Layers of the Digestive Tract 361
Mouth and Pharynx 362
Esophagus 363
Stomach 364
Small Intestine 364
Large Intestine 366
Accessory Digestive Organs 368
Liver and Gallbladder 368
Pancreas 370
Metabolism and Nutrients 370
Carbohydrates 371
Lipids 372
Proteins 372
Vitamins and Minerals 372
Water 372
Diet and Health 373
Aging and the Digestive System 374
15 The Urinary System 376
Components of the Urinary System 379
Kidneys and Ureters 379
Bladder and Urethra 381
Role of the urinary System in Fluid Management 382
Urine Formation and Composition 384
Filtration 384
Reabsorption 384
Secretion 384
Composition of Urine 386
Aging and the Urinary System 387
16 The Reproductive System 390
Common Structures and Physiology 393
Male Reproductive System 393
Scrotum and Testes 393
Accessory Organs 395
Duct System 395
Accessory Glands 396
Penis 396
Female Reproductive System 397
Ovaries 397
Female Genitalia 398
Fallopian Tubes, Uterus, and Vagina 398
Uterus 398
Vagina 399
Menstrual Cycle 399
Pregnancy and Childbirth 400
Fertilization and Implantation 400
Pregnancy 402
Childbirth 403
Aging and the Reproductive System 404
Appendices
Appendix A Benefits and Physiologic Effects of Swedish Massage 407
Appendix B Innervation of Major Skeletal Muscles 411
Appendix C Answer Key 417
Glossary 429
Figure Credits 451
Index 455
About the Authors 475
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