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High-Yield Important FCPS Part 1 Facts & Pearls by Dr. Salahuddin Kamal (Must Have)

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This blog post contains High-yield important FCPS Part 1 facts and pearls which you can use for boosting-up your FCPS Part 1 exam preparation. The FCPS Part 1 exam is completely doable provided that one dedicates sufficient time and lay a proper groundwork for the preparation. The key to cracking FCPS Part 1 exam is to learn from people who have actually achieved success.

The College of Physicians & Surgeons of Pakistan (CPSP) logo.

These high-yield important FCPS Part 1 facts & pearls have been shared with us by Dr. Salahuddin Kamal who is a graduate of Hamdard University, School of Medicine. He has maintained outstanding academic records in his university life. He completed his house job in 2014 and passed FCPS Part 1 exam in 2015. Dr. Salahuddin is actively working for the doctor community, especially for FCPS Part 1 students.

He is the author of two books: SK Pearls of FCPS Part 1 & SK pearls of Gynae /Obs.

READ ALSO: FCPS Part 1 Syllabus & Guidelines by CPSP

High-Yield Important FCPS Part 1 Facts & Pearls

Below are high-yield important FCPS Part 1 facts and pearls you can use for advancing your preparation. 🙂

HAPPY LEARNING! 🙂

DURING EXERCISE:

Estrogen containing Oral Contraceptive Pills:

Glomerular Filtration Rate

Best way to measure GFF = Inulin Clearance

In Electrocardiogram (ECG)

Premalignant change in mouth: Chronic ulcer


GEOMED Mnemonic

Epiphyseal Lesions:

TYPHOID FEVER INVESTIGATIONS:
MNEMONIC BASU to memorize i.e
B=Blood, A=Antibody, S=Stool, U=Urine

 

LYSOSOMES:
• Arise from Golgi apparatus
• Contain hydrolases
• Cause degradation of unfolded proteins
• Uterus and breast regress after pregnancy by lysosomes
• On H & E stain: hollow structure around nuclei

PEROXISOMES
• Originate from Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
• Contain OXIDASE, H2O2 AND CATALASE
• Single membrane

CENTRIOLE

• Microtubules

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
• Protein synthesis
• Continuous with nuclear membrane
• Nissle bodies
• Basophilia of cell
• Absent in axon hillock

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
• Detoxification of drugs
• Giver peroxisomes
• Contain Calcium

MITOCHONDRIA
• DNA
• Energy house

GOLGI COMPLEX
• Binds carbohydrate with protein, enclose them in vesicles and release
• Secretary vesicles
• Lysosomes arise here

NUCLEOLUS
• No limiting membrane
• Site of RNA synthesis and assembly

DOUBLE MEMBRANE ORGANELLES
• Nucleus…>Mitochondria…..>Golgi complex

CYTOSKELETON
1. Cytoskeleton which connects ECM to ICM = Intermediate filament
2. Cytoskeleton connected to ECM = Proteoglycan
3. ECM connected to ICM through = Integrin

REGARDING THIRST
Thirst is increased by:
> Increase in Angi0tensin 2
> Decrease in blood v0lume
> Increase in osmolarity
> Dryness of mouth.
> Increase in ADH

Thirst is decreased by:
> Gastric distension.
> Decrease in ADH,
> Angiotensin2,
> Increase in BP.
> Increase in blood volume.
(** Reference Guyton)

Important Points Regarding Dialysis Fluid Question.

In the dialyzing fluid, glucose and bicarbonates would increase compared to the plasma fluid. Everything else would decrease. (** Reference: Guyton & Hall Physiology)

Creatinine Clearance
>> 90 ….NORMAL
60-89. …..mild
45-59. …moderate
30-44. …damage
15-29. ….severe
< < 15. ….ESTABLISHES Renal Failure!

Radiosensitivity
seminoma > glial glioma > craniopharyngioma

 

 

STAGES OF MITOSIS

INTERPHASE
– Chromosomes are copied (doubles)
– Chromosomes appear as thread like coils (chromatin) at the start but each chromosome and its copy (sister chromosome) changes to sister chromatids at end of this phase
PROPHASE
– Mitosis begins (cell begins to divide)
– Centrioles (or poles) appear and begin to move to opposite ends of cell
– Spindle fibers form between the poles
METAPHASE
– Chromatids (or pair of chromosomes) attach to the spindle fiber
ANAPHASE
– Chromatids (or pair of chromosomes) separate and begin to move to opposite ends of the cell
TELOPHASE
– Two new nuclei form
– Chromosome appear as chromatin (threads rather than rods)
– Mitosis ends

Important FCPS Part 1 Pharmacology High-yield Facts
1)Most effective anti-TB drug= Rifampicin
2)Most bactericidal anti TB drug=Rifapicin
3)Most toxic anti-TB drug= Isoniazid
4)Anti-TB Drug causing rapid sputum conversion= Isoniazid
5)Orange urine and body secretions= Rifampicin
6)1st to develop resistance=Isoniazid
7)Drug contraindicated in all categories of dots=INH+Rifampicin
8)injectable anti-TB drug=Rifampicin
9)OPTIC neuritis by= Ethambutol
10)Vestibular damge= Streptomycin
11) Drug with the only bacteriostatic=Ethambutol

Miscellaneous High-Yield Important FCPS Part 1 Points

1. Inferior thyroid artery ligation: Damage to the recurrent laryngeal nerves
2. Superior thyroid artery ligation: Damage to the external laryngeal
3. Thyroidectomy…Damage to the external laryngeal
4. Thyroidectomy with vocal cord damage….Damage to the recurrent laryngeal
5. Tracheostomy…recurrent laryngeal

☆PUS = penile urethra superficial pouch/scrotum
☆BUS = bulbar urethra = sup pouch
☆MUD = membranous urethra deep pouch

1 REST
Max blood flow at rest=
1.liver(1500ml)
2.kidneys(1260 ml)
Max blood flow/ 100gm at rest
1st.carotid bodies
2nd.kidney
DURING EXERCISE=
Max blood supply =Skeletal muscle
least blood supply(not according to demand)=kidneys
Least oxygen supply(not according to demand)=skeletal muscles

Cystinuria b6
Cystinemia b12

Only these two type of cells we’ll find, there is no roll of immunity so no plasma cells…

Points to remember
In breast implant type of cells: giant cells
But when inflammation mentioned then neutrophils, simple. 🙂
Basal cell carcinoma is Boss present on the upper lip
squamous cell carcinoma is a secretary so present on the lower lip 😀

ANATOMICAL LEVELS TO RELATED STRUCTURES (High-yield Important Anatomy Points for FCPS Part 1)

FCPS PART 1 PEARLS

☆¤Haemorrhages
¤Extradural haemorrhge=middle minengeal artery
¤subdural haemorrhage =diploic vein
¤subarchnoid haemorrahge=rupture on berry aneursm
☆tennis ball injury to eye=circulis iridis major
☆epistaxis=sphenopalatine artery
☆during tonsilectomy= para tonsillar vein,tonsillar and ascending palatine artery
☆tracheostomy=isthmus and inferior thyroid vein
☆heamoptysis=bronchial artey
☆gastric ulcer=left gastrc and splenic artery
☆dudenal ulcer=gastrodudenal artery
☆hemmorhoids=submucosal rectal venous plexuses formed by superior rectal vein and inferior rectal vein
☆retropubic proastatectomy=drsal venous plexuses
¤¤
☆Turner = 45XO
☆KF= 47XXY
☆True hermaphrodite =XXy
☆peudohermaphrodite =46Xy or 45X
¤¤Mole
☆complete hydatidfm mole -46XX
☆partial mole -69XXy
¤¤¤Chromosomes n Dna both replicate in interphase
¤Studied in Metaphase
¤¤¤¤Trisomy
21 > Down syndrome
13 > Ptau
18 > edvert
16 > spontaneous abortion
¤¤¤ Lumber Pucture
☆Most common loccation ==L4L5
☆LP Best Site ====above L4
☆IF pt e miningitis LP site ===below L3
¤¤¤Epidural anesthesia ==L3-4
☆widest epidural space > L2
☆Cauda Equina (CHILDren) === L3
☆Conus medullaris (Adult) = L1
☆Subarchnoid space == S2
☆Chorea > caudate
☆Athetosis > putamen
☆Pco2 rises upto 12mmhg in first minute of apnea
☆ Increased alpha feto protein plus increased albumin = Anencephaly.
☆Vitamin A prevents squamous cell carcinoma.
☆Right border of heart is made by right atrium.
☆Right border of heart on XRAY made by SVc +Rt Atrium
☆ Trephine biopsy Indicates = aplastic anemia > ALL.
☆In anesthesia halothane is always given with Nitric oxide.
☆Most diagnostic test for TB = PCR > AFB > Caseous.
☆Down syndrome occurs 1/100.
☆Common genital vesicle is herpes simplex virus.
☆Inferior orbital fissure contents are maxillary nerve and its zygomatic branch, inferior ophthalmic vein and sympathetic nerves and this fissure communicates with pterygo palatine fossa.
☆Superior orbital fissure communicates with middle cranial fossa and it transmits lacrimal nerve, frontal nerve, trochlear nerve, oculomotor nerve, abducent nerve, nasociliary nerve and superior ophthalmic vein.
☆Thyroid is the only endocrine gland that stores its secretions outside the cell.
☆Sensations from the tip of nose are carried by ophthalmic division of trigeminal nerve.
☆Tensor tympani is supplied by mandibular division of trigeminal nerve.
☆Stapedius is supplied by facial nerve.
¤¤Nucleus raphe synthesize serotonin.
¤¤ Locus Ceruleus = Nor epinephrine.
☆At term CRL = 36 cm and CHL = 50 cm.
¤¤CRL used b/w 7 – 14 weeks.
☆☆BPD is used 16 – 30 weeks.
☆Sperm life in genital tract is 24 to 72hours.
¤¤¤Active ===24- 48hrs
¤2nd most common cause of osteoporosis in old age is Cushing syndrome.
¤Prenatal chromosome is detected at 14 -18 weeks.
¤Bronchial asthma plus hypertensive patient > Best drug Verapamil.
¤Aphasia and facial nerve palsy > damage to middle meningeal artery.
☆Diabetic plus hypertensive patient > Best drug Captopril.
☆Inferior wall MI > Right marginal artery block.
☆ Epidermis of partoid gland is derived from ectoderm.
☆To kill spores of surgical instrument > moist heat at 160 C for 1 hr.
☆Food poisoning caused by Staph. Aureus is through entertoxin.
☆Least positive value for Widal is 1:120.
☆Trigeminal ganglion is completely covered by dura.
☆ Tactile sensation is carried by dorsal white column to medial leminiscus.
☆ Anti HBcAg = positive window period.
☆MAP = diastolic +1/3 pulse pressure.
☆ Insulin secretion is inhibited by beta blocker.
☆Increased By Glucagon
☆Highest triglyceride =Chylomicrons >VLDL > Chylomicrons remanents
☆Highest cholesterol = LDL.
☆ Highest lipoprotein = HDL.
☆ Which is not a phospholipid = Plasmalogen.
☆ Best way to check bone density is the scan of spine.
☆End break down of glucose is pyruvate.
☆☆In pre eclamptic patient hydralazine is the drug of choice before surgery.
☆In down syndrome: Triple test (alpha feto protein is decreased, b-HCG is increased and estriol is decreased) and if we add up inhibin which is increased then it will be called as .
☆Bar body diagnostic for Tuners syndrome
☆scant bodies in KF
☆PLAP (Placental Alkaline Phosphatase) is a tumor marker in seminoma and ovarian carcinoma.
☆Tubo ovarian abscess by IUCD – most causative agent is Actinomycosis.
☆Major intracellular buffer is Hb.
☆ DVT more common in popliteal vein but pulmonary embolism is through femoral veins.
☆Investigation of DIC D-dimers, FDPs, Platelet count and PT (except clotting time).
☆Referred pain:
¤¤Cervix S2-S3
¤ Ovary -T10-T11
¤Testis -T10
¤ Umbilicus -T10
¤Kidney T12-L2.
☆Trimethoprim (co-trimoxazole ) side effect > megaloblastic anemia plus leukopenia.
☆ Sacrospinous ligament does NOT contribute in wall of perineum.
☆ Lesser omentum connects with duodenum.
“☆Sphincteric urethra is known as external urethral sphincter and is supplied by pudendal nerves where as internal os is supplied by inferior hypo gastric plexus.
☆Nerve supply of rectum is hypogastric plexus.
☆Uterine tube is 10 cm long.
“☆Urachal cyst is the remanant of allantois.
☆Thyroid gland is derived from endoderm.
☆Thymus and inferior parathyroid develops from 3rd branchial pouch.
☆Superior para thyroid is developed from 4th brachial pouch.
☆ Diaphragmatic hernia occurs due to absence of pleuro peritoneal membrane.
☆Superior thyroid artery is related to external laryngeal nerve which supplies posterior cricothyroid muscle of larynx. Injured during Thyroidectomy
☆Inferior thyroid artery is also related to recurrent laryngeal nerve which runs b/w trachea and esophagus and its most common injury is in Traceostomy.
☆ In papillary carcinoma of thyroid > it occurs in young age and involves cervical lymph nodes.
☆ Tracheostomy is done at 2nd tracheal ring by pulling the isthmus inferiorly.
☆ Nonfunctional nodule or cold nodule has high chances of malignant transformation.
☆Erythropoiesis in middle trimester is in the liver.
☆ Levator ani muscle is supplied by L2, L3 & L4.
☆Defect in Bulbus Cordis results in VSD, hypertrophy of Right ventricle, congenital cyanosis, transposition of great vessels (but not ASD)
☆Endocardial cushion is important for the formation of four chambers of heart.
☆Thirst is least stimulated by blood pressure.
☆Important hormone involved in gluconeogenesis is Cortisol.
☆Apoptosis is inhibited by bcl-2 inhibition.
☆Apoptosis ~ Actuvation of caspases
☆Low serum complement in SLE.
☆C3b & IgG are Opsonins
☆C5a is chemotactic protein.
☆ Urea is an important indicator for muscle protein loss.
☆ESR is decreased when albumin is increased.
☆ESR increased during Infection
” Drug which does not cause gynecomastia is Androgen & drugs which cause gynecomastia are Digoxin, Girsoefulvin, Cimetidine, Androgens, Spironolactone and Ketoconazole.
☆Tx of hirstuism is Cyproterone Acetate.
☆Pyruvic acid is intermediate from glucose to acetyl coA.
☆Epinephrine .nor epinephrine & dopamine are derived from tyrosine.
☆End product of Purine is Uric acid.
☆RBCs have glycolytic enzyme activity.
☆End product of glucose gives 2 Pyruvate.
Alanine should be taken in diet.
☆Cisplatin is more notorious to cause renal toxicity.
☆Dysplasia is seen in epithelia.
☆MRNA has a codon.
☆HSV is associated with vulvar papules.
☆Wart on the lateral wall of introitus it is caused by HPV.
☆Plaque like lesion on posterior superior wall of vagina is squamous cell carcinoma.
☆ German Measles causes Congenital Cataract.
Anterior abdominal wall swelling with umbilical cord attached to it in a new born baby is known as Omphalocele.
☆Beta-lactam acts on the Cell Wall.
¤¤¤ ATT Drugs
☆Streptomycin=== ototoxity.
☆Isoniazid ==Hepatotoxicity.
☆Pyrazinamide == Gout
☆Rifampacin=Orange red color urine
☆ Opportunistic organism ~E. Coli Kleibeslla
☆Pseudomembranous colitis is caused by C. difficile.
☆Most common organism involved in gynecological & abdominal procedures is Bacteriods .
☆Vulvular itching = Chlamydia
☆ fish like smell; Bacterial Vaginosis.
☆ Vitamin K dependent: Factors 2, 7,9,10, Protein C, Protein S, Fibrinogen and Prothrombin.
☆Intrinsic and Extrinsic pathways of coagulation converge at factor 10.
☆Threonine does not contain Sulfa group.
☆Autosomal dominant is hereditary Spherocytosis & Poly cystic kidney disease.
☆Lens opacity causing drugs >Chlorpromazine, Amidarone, Tamoxifen, Gold & Iron toxicity.
☆Drugs causing corneal opacity > Amiodarone, Chloroquine, Mepacrine & Copper.
☆ Ribosome have purple color on Eosin & Methylene blue staining
☆High energy content > Starch.
☆High energy compound > ATP
☆Antidote of warfarin is vitamin K but if action is more quickly required then

FFP.
☆Olfactory cells are the only neurons in the body that regenerates.
☆Projectile vomiting greenish in color means bilious vomiting so it is due to duodenal atresia but if projectile vomiting non bilious then it is hypertrophic pyloric stenosis.
☆ Pulmonary trunk relation with the bronchus at the hilum of the lung-mnemonic is RALSR- Right Anterior & Left Superior.
☆Rhino sinusitis is caused by Strep Pneumonia, H. Influenza, M Catarrahalis.
☆ Homan’s sign is present in DVT in which if you dorsiflex the foot there will be pain in calf muscles.
☆ Classic triad of Pulmonary Embolism: –
☆☆Neurological manifestations.
-Petechial rash.
-Hypoxemia.
☆Nitrogen bubbled precipitator in ascending divers and can be treated with hyperbaric oxygen.
☆CT pulmonary angiography is the best test to detect Pulmonary Embolism.
☆The most common infectious agent transmitted by blood transfusion is cytomegalovirus (CMV), which is present in donor lymphocytes.
☆Before blood is transfused into newborns or patients with T-cell deficiencies, it must be irradiated to kill donor lymphocytes. This prevents the patient from developing a graft-versus-host reaction or a CMV infection.
☆Yersinia enterocolitica, a pathogen that thrives on iron, is the most common contaminant of stored blood.
☆ Iron is stored in bone macrophages.
☆ Structures passing thru superior orbital fissure….
NOT-FAL
¤NASOCILLIARY¤OPTHALIMIC VEIN¤TROCHLEAR¤FRONTAL
☆☆Suture Removal:
¤Head 5-7days
¤Face 3-5days
¤Eyelid & eyebrow 3-5days
¤Trunk 5-7days
¤Extremities 7-10days
¤Surface of joint 10-14days
¤Hand ==7days
☆☆Absorption
☆iron nd divalents absorb in duodenum.
☆Folic acid, maximum water, max electrolytes, long chain fatty acids in jejunum.
☆Bile nd B12 absorb in ileum.
☆water nd electrolytes absorb in colon but less than jejunum. Short chain fatty acids absorb in colon.
¤¤Buffers
☆Major intracellular buffer is protein.
☆Major extracellular buffer is bicarb.
☆If only major buffer asked then Bicarb.
☆Major renal buffer is still bicarbonate if depleted theb
¤Phosphate ==Qualitative
¤Ammonia == Quantitative
☆Buffer in blood is H2co3 > Hb
¤¤Uterus
☆Uterosacral felt on PR
☆Main support is cardinal(also named transverse cervical ligament )
☆Round ligament of uterus keeps it anteverted anteflexed
☆broad ligament has very lessor role in support
☆Best way to “measure” gfr is inulin clearance.
☆best way to “estimate” gfr is creatinine clearance.
☆best way to “clincally” measure gfr is creatinine clearance.
☆best way to measure renal plasma / blood flow is PAH .
☆best test for renal falilure is creatinine clearance.
☆☆☆☆ blood transfusion
multiple===hemochromatosis
massive===hyperkalemia
repeated ===hypocalcemia

FCPS PART 1 Important Microbiology Facts

We hope you find these high-yield important FCPS Part 1 Facts/Pearls useful! 🙂

 

GOOD LUCK! 🙂

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